CONTENTS


Part 1. From the Bible to the Crusades

Part 2. From the Renaissance to the Twentieth Century


General Materials

Preface

Introduction

Abbreviations

Bibliography of Texts


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1: The Meanings of Peace


Topics

Introduction

Some Dictionary Definitions

Historical Roots

Eirene: Greek Meanings of Peace

Pax: Roman Meanings

Roman Virtue

Stoic Tranquility

Shalom: Hebrew Meanings


Readings

  1. 1. “Peace,” Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary

  2. 2. “Peace,” Oxford English Dictionary

  3. 3. P. C. Curran, “Peace,” New Catholic Encyclopedia

  4. 4. “Pacifism,” NCE, p. 855

  5. 5. Hesiod, Works and Days, ll. 213-47

  6. 6. Epictetus, The Discourses 3.13.19

  7. 7. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations

  8. 8. The Latin League. From Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities vi.xcv.1-3

  9. 9. Treaty of Alliance with the Aequians, 467 BCE. From Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities ix.lix.3-5

  10. 10. Peace with Philip V of Macedon. Livy, History of Rome xxxiii.xii-xiii, xxiv. 5-7, xxx

  11. 11. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 5.16.48

  12. 12. Velleius Paterculus, Compendium 2.126.3-4

  13. 13. Lucius Annaeus Seneca, De Providentia 4.14

  14. 14. Tacitus, Agricola 30

  15. 15. Aristotle, Politics 1.5.35; 1.6

  16. 16. Seneca, De Beneficiis, 4.26; 7.30.2, 5

  17. 17. Epictetus, Discourses 1.25.29

  18. 18. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 1.9, 2.1, 16, 3.4, 6.20, 51

  19. 19. Peace as Absence of War
    Deut. 2:26 • Deut. 20:10-12 • Jos. 9:15 • Jgs. 4:17 • 1 Sam. 7:14 • 1 Chron. 22:7-9 • 1 Kgs. 5:4 • Ps. 122:6-7

  20. 20. Peace as Greeting and Blessing
    1 Sam. 25:4-6 • Ps. 122: 8-9

  21. 21. Peace as the Covenant Bond
    Lv. 26:3-13 • Nm. 6:22-26 • Prov. 3:2 • Ps. 85: 8-9 • Ps. 119: 161-68 • Ps. 128  • Ez. 37:26-28

  22. 22. Peace as Justice
    Ps. 37:37 • Is. 26:1-4 • Is. 32:17-18 • Jer. 6:10-15

  23. 23. Peace as Love of Neighbor, Leviticus 19.17-18, 34

  24. 24. Neighbor vs. Enemy
    Ex. 23:4-5 • Prov. 24:17-20 • Prov. 25:21 • Prov. 26:24

  25. 25. Peace as Perfection and Wholeness
    Ps. 72:1-7 • Is. 9:5-6 • Is. 11:4-9 • Is. 54:10 • Is. 65:17-25 • Ez. 34:25-31 • Mi. 4:1-4


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2: Peace in the New Testament


Topics

Introduction

New Testament Meanings of eirene

Jesus’ Mission

The Nature of the Peacemaker

The Politics of the Gospels: Confrontation with Roman Power

Peacemaking in the Roman World

Apocalyptic Peace


Readings

  1. 26. Peace as Healthy Community, Acts 9:31

  2. 27. Peace as Harmony Among Individuals
    Mk. 9:49 • 2 Cor. 13:11 • Col. 3:15

  3. 28. Peace as the Kingdom of God, John 16:33

  4. 29. Peace as Reconciliation
    Rom. 5:9-11 • 2 Cor. 5:18-19 • Col. 1:18-20 • Heb. 13:20

  5. 30. Jesus’ Mission, Testing in the Desert, Lk. 4: 1-19

  6. 31. The Sermon on the Mount, Mt. 5:3-12

  7. 32. The Sermon on the Plain, Lk. 6:24-26

  8. 33. Leadership Is Service, Mk. 10: 41-45

  9. 34. Turn the Other Cheek, Mt. 5:38-48

  10. 35. Love of Enemies, Lk. 6:27-35

  11. 36. Forgiveness of Enemies
    Mt. 18:21-22 • Mk. 11:22-25

  12. 37. Personal Nonviolence, Mt. 26:47-56

  13. 38. The Ambiguous Gift of Peace, John 14:22-27

  14. 39. St. Paul, Romans 12 and 13

  15. 40. The Agent of Peace: The Mystical Body
    Eph. 4:2-6 • Gal. 3:25-28 • Col. 3:10-11

  16. 41. Converting the Enemy Within, Eph. 2:14-22

  17. 42. Peace Makes Justice, James 3:13-4:2

  18. 43. Peace Makes Revolutions, Acts 4:1-31

  19. 44. Peace Is Politically Dangerous, Acts 5:17-42

  20. 45. Christian Means and Ends, Eph. 6:10-17

  21. 46. The Heavenly Jerusalem: Apocalypse 21

  22. 47. Classic War and Peace Texts, The Catholic Peace Tradition, pp. 27-30


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3: Peacemaking in the Early Church


Topics

Introduction

The Apologists

Roman Religious Reaction

The Martyrs

Christians in the Roman Army

Soldier Saints


Readings

  1. 48. Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Ephesians 10.1-3, 13.2

  2. 49. Justin Martyr, Apology 1.39

  3. 50. Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 110

  4. 51. Tatian, Discourse on the Greeks 23

  5. 52. Athenagoras, Embassy Regarding the Christians 35

  6. 53. Minucius Felix, Octavius 30.6

  7. 54. Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to the Gentiles 11

  8. 55. Tertullian, Apology 9.5-8

  9. 56. Tertullian, Apology 31.2-32.1

  10. 57. Tertullian, On Patience 3

  11. 58. Tertullian, Against Marcion 3.14

  12. 59. Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus 69-75

  13. 60. Cyprian of Carthage, On the Value of Patience 5-6

  14. 61. Cyprian of Carthage, To Donatus 6-7

  15. 62. Arnobius, Against the Nations 4-7, 13-16

  16. 63. Pliny, Letters 10.96-97

  17. 64. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 9.27, 11.3

  18. 65. Ignatius of Antioch, To the Romans 5-6

  19. 66. Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies 4, 6, 8, 10-11

  20. 67. Tertullian, Apology 50.1-16

  21. 68. Pontius, Life of Cyprian of Carthage

  22. 69. The Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons

  23. 70. Hippolytus of Rome, The Apostolic Tradition 2.16

  24. 71.  Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History 5.5.1-7

  25. 72. Tertullian, The Military Crown 1.1-5

  26. 73. Acts of the Christian Martyrs, The Martyrdom of St. Marinus

  27. 74. The Acts of Marcellus

  28. 75. The Acts of Maximilian


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4: The Age of Constantine


Topics

Introduction

The Imperial Church

Lactantius, Ambrose, and Augustine

The Monastic Revolt


Readings

  1. 76. Code of Theodosius 16.10.21. Only Christians in the Army

  2. 77. The Synod of Arles, Canon 3

  3. 78. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, Book 10. Peace and Recovery of the Church:
    Victory of Constantine

  4. 79. Lactantius, Divine Institutes 6.17

  5. 80. Lactantius, Divine Institutes 6.18-19

  6. 81. Lactantius, Divine Institutes 6.20

  7. 82. Ambrose of Milan, Sermon Against Auxentius

  8. 83. Ambrose of Milan, Explanation of Psalm 45.21

  9. 84. Ambrose of Milan, The Duties of the Clergy 3.3.23-3.4.27

  10. 85. Augustine of Hippo, The Confessions 5.7-8

  11. 86. Augustine of Hippo, The City of God 1.21; 4.3-4; 5.24; 15.4-5; 19.7, 11-13, 26

  12. 87. Hilary of Poitiers, Short Commentary on Psalm 121

  13. 88. Athanasius, Life of Anthony the Hermit


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5: Christian Peace and the New Peoples, 400-800


Topics

Introduction

Converting the Barbarians

Educating New Peoples for Peace: The Penitentials

Merovingian Europe


Readings

  1. 89. Sulpicius Severus, Life of Martin of Tours

  2. 90. Salvian of Marseilles, On the Governance of God 5.4-11

  3. 91. Paulinus of Nola, Carmen 17, Life of Nicetas of Remesiana

  4. 92. Constantius of Lyons, Life of St. Germanus of Auxerre

  5. 93. Eugippius, Life of St. Severinus

  6. 94. Patrick of Armagh, Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus

  7. 95. The Life of Geneviève of Paris

  8. 96. Constitutions of the Holy Apostles I.2 (c.375)

  9. 97. Penitential of Finnian 6-9 (c.525-550)

  10. 98. Penitential of Cummean IV.5-11 (c.650)

  11. 99. Capitulary of Carloman Following a Synod Held Under Boniface (742) 2-4

  12. 100. First Capitulary of Charlemagne 1 (c.769)

  13. 101. Penitential of Finnian 23-24

  14. 102. Penitential of Columbanus 13 (c.600)

  15. 103. Welsh Canons 1-7 (c.550-650)

  16. 104. Bigotian Penitential 1.4, 3.1-4 (c.700-725)

  17. 105. The Old Irish Penitential 5.2-4 (c.800)

  18. 106. Penitential of Theodore 4.2-7; 7.2 (668-690)

  19. 107. Halitgar of Cambrai, “Roman” Penitential 79 (c.830)

  20. 108. Penitential Ascribed to Bede 2.1-7 (c.750)

  21. 109. Regino of Prüm, Ecclesiastical Discipline (c.906)

  22. 110. Life of Columban by Jonas

  23. 111. Life of Boniface by Willibald

  24. 112. Letter of Bishop Daniel of Winchester to Boniface

  25. 113. Letter of Pope Gregory III to Boniface (732)


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6: From Carolingian Peace to People’s Peace, 800-1100


Topics

Carolingian Peace

Carolingian Penitentials

The Martyrs of Cordova

Carolingian Monasticism and Antimilitarism

The Peace of God

The Truce of God


Readings

  1. 114. Alcuin of York, Letter 8 to Beorn

  2. 115. Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel, The Crown of Monks 10, 12

  3. 116. Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel, Commentary on the Rule of Saint Benedict, Prologue, IV.25, 29-33

  4. 117. Druthmar of Corbie, Commentary on Matthew, 28

  5. 118. Paschasius Radbertus, Exposition of Matthew, III, 5

  6. 119. Hincmar of Reims, To King Charles the Bald, On Restraining the Rapine of Soldiers

  7. 120. Rather of Liège, Praeloquiorum Libri Sex (The Six Books of Prologues), I.1, tit. 2

  8. 121. Pope Nicholas I, Reply to the Inquiry of the Bulgars

  9. 122. Rabanus Maurus, Penitential

  10. 123. Burchard of Worms, Decretum

  11. 124. Burchard of Worms, Corrector or Physician, Decretum XIX.5

  12. 125. Fulbert of Chartres, On Mortal Sins

  13. 126. Council of Westminster, The Establishment of Peace

  14. 127. Eulogius of Cordova, The Lives and Passions of the Most Holy Virgins Flora and Maria

  15. 128. The monastery of Noyers, Peace Agreement between Gaufridus of Montbazon and Philippus,
    Son of Gaufridus Savaricus

  16. 129. John of Salerno, Life of Odo of Cluny

  17. 130. Odo of Cluny, Life of Saint Count Gerald of Aurillac

  18. 131. Ralph Glaber’s Histories Book 4, chap. v. Peace and abundance mark the millennium
    of the Lord’s Passion

  19. 132. Synod of Charroux, Proclamation of the Peace of God, 989

  20. 133. Proclamation of the Peace of God by Guy of Anjou, bishop of Puy, 990

  21. 134. The Council of Tolouges

  22. 135. Ralph Glaber on the Truce of God

  23. 136. Proclamation of the Truce of God at Arles, 1035-41

  24. 137. Proclamation of the Truce at Besançon and Vienne c.1041

  25. 138. Proclamation of the Truce at Terouanne 1063

  26. 139. Proclamation of the Truce by the bishop of Cologne, late eleventh century.


  28. 140. Peace of the Land Established by Henry IV, 1103


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7: The Era of the Crusades: Peacemaking in Europe, 1100 to 1400


Topics

Introduction

The Peace Coopted: The Call to Crusade at Clermont

The Peace Coopted: Chivalry

The Investiture Conflict

The New Poverty Movements

St. Francis of Assisi

The Franciscans

The Third Orders

Popular Peace Movements


Readings

  1. 141. Pope Urban II, The Call to the First Crusade, 26 November 1095

  2. 142. Bernard of Clairvaux, To the Knights of the Temple, a Book in Praise of the New Chivalry

  3. 143. Wenrich, Scholasticus of Trier, Letter

  4. 144. Peter Crassus, Defense of Henry IV, the King

  5. 145. Peter Damian, Letter 4.9, To Olderic, Bishop of Fermo

  6. 146. The Proposed Rule of the Humiliati (Bull of approval by Innocent III, June 7, 1201)

  7. 147. Thomas of Celano, OFM, First Life of Francis of Assisi

  8. 148. Thomas of Celano, OFM, Second Life of St. Francis, II.8

  9. 149. The Mirror of Perfection 26, 101, 114, 118

  10. 150. The Little Flowers, III.17: Concerning the Conversion of a Soldier

  11. 151. Thomas, archdeacon of Spalato, Historia Salonitarum

  12. 152. Francis of Assisi, The Canticle of Brother Sun

  13. 153. Thomas of Celano, OFM, First Life: The First Franciscans

  14. 154. Francis of Assisi, The First Rule, of 1221

  15. 155. Francis of Assisi, The Second Rule, of 1223

  16. 156. Francis of Assisi, The Admonitions

  17. 157. Francis of Assisi, Rule of the Third Order, 1221

  18. 158. Honorius III orders the bishop of Rimini to protect the Penitents of Faenza and environs against the vexations of magistrates who are obliging them to perform military service, Dec. 16, 1221

  19. 159. Honorius III orders the bishops of Italy to protect the Penitents against magistrates who are obliging them to perform military service or to exercise public office and are imposing heavier fines on them than on other citizens, 1226-27

  20. 160. Gregory IX exempts the Brothers of the Penitence in Italy from military service and public functions, May 21, 1227

  21. 161. Birgitta of Sweden, Life 51; and Revelations V, 6

  22. 162. Salimbene de Adam, O.F.M., Chronicle: Concerning the time of the Halleluia

  23. 163. Salimbene de Adam, OFM, Chronicle: The spiritual movement of the flagellants in the year 1260

  24. 164. Anonymous Padovan of S. Giustina: Chronicle

  25. 165. Anonymous, Chronicle of Bologna

  26. 166. The Annals of Piacenza

  27. 167. The Legend of Blessed Brother Venturino, of the Dominican Order

  28. 168. Giorgio Stella, The Annals of Genoa: 1399

  29. 169. The Praises of the Bianchi, Song III.6


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8: Alternatives to the Crusades: Voices of Protest, 1100-1400


Topics

Introduction

Conversion as an Alternative to the Crusades

Missionary Peacemaking

The Apocalyptic Tradition

Medieval Peace Literature

The Official Record of Protest


Readings

  1. 170. Peter the Venerable, Book Against the Sect of the Saracens 1

  2. 171. Francis of Assisi, The First Rule, of 1221

  3. 172. Thomas of Celano, OFM, First Life of St. Francis

  4. 173. Thomas of Celano, OFM, Second Life of St. Francis

  5. 174. Roger Bacon, OFM, “On the Study of Languages”

  6. 175. Raymond Lull, Blanquerna 75, 80-81

  7. 176. Joachim of Fiore, Book of Figures, The Fourteenth Table, The Seven Headed Dragon

  8. 177. Salimbene de Adam, OFM, Chronicle, On the Joachites

  9. 178. Peter John Olivi, OFM, Commentary on the Franciscan Rule c.12

  10. 179. Charles the Fat’s Vision

  11. 180. Saint Patrick’s Purgatory

  12. 181. The Vision of Thurkill

  13. 182. Guilhem of Tudela, Song of the Albigensian Crusade, ll. 462-508, 8674-8890

  14. 183. Guillaume le Clerc, Le Besant de Dieu, ll. 159-74, 733-65, 816-23

  15. 184. Étienne de Fougères, Le Livre des manières 23-24, 136-76

  16. 185. William Langland, Piers the Plowman, 3, ll. 284-330; XV, 390-503

  17. 186. John Gower, Confessio Amantis, Book 3: “Wrath,” ll. 2242-2506

  18. 187. Ralph Niger, On the Military Question

  19. 188. Humbert of Romans, OP, Opusculum Tripartitum (The Work in Three Parts)


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9: Authority, Obedience, and Conscience


Topics

Introduction

Authority at Work: Papal Diplomacy and Arbitration

The Just War and the Rights of Conscience

Freedom of Conscience in Medieval Thought

Liberty, Conscience, and Dissent


Readings

  1. 189. Gregory I, Letters

  2. 190. Nicholas I, Letters

  3. 191. Innocent III, Letters

  4. 192. John XXII, Letters

  5. 193. Benedict XII, Letters

  6. 194. Gratian of Bologna, Decretum of Canon Law C. 15, q. 6, c. 5; C. 23

  7. 195. Stephen Langton, Questions

  8. 196. Peter the Chanter, “On Obedience”

  9. 197. Robert of Courson, Summa X, 15; XXX, 9

  10. 198. Roland of Cremona, Summa cc. 263-64

  11. 199. St. Paul, Romans: 2:12-16; 14:3-5

  12. 200. St. Paul, Corinthians: 1 Cor. 8:7-13; 1 Cor. 10:23-29

  13. 201. St. Paul, Hebrews 9:8-10

  14. 202. St. Jerome, Commentary on the Prophet Ezechiel, 1:6-8

  15. 203. Peter Abelard, Ethics c. 13

  16. 204. Thomas Aquinas, OP, The Summa Theologica, Pt. I, Q. 79, I-II, Q. 19, 76

  17. 205. William of Ockham, OFM, Commentary on the Sentences III, q. 13

  18. 206. William of Ockham, OFM, Excerpts from his Summa and his Dialogus

  19. 207. Angelo Clareno, OFM, Letters


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PeaceDocs | Christian Texts | Source Readings Vol. 1

Following is a collection of important primary sources in the Christian peace tradition. It is based on Ronald G. Musto, Catholic Peacemakers: A Documentary History. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993–96. The readings go up to the mid-1990s. Each collection in the Table of Contents below is available as a PDF download through various online stores. Click the Download Chapter button following each section.